February 2026
Current Affairs
Comprehensive analysis across 8 domains — UPSC Prelims-focused MCQs + JKPSC relevant. Curated at Vision IAS depth with 44 Prelims MCQs based on PYQ patterns.
Economy & Union Budget 2026-27
The most important topic of February. Presented on Feb 1 by FM Nirmala Sitharaman — her 9th consecutive budget.
Union Budget 2026-27: Three Kartavyas Framework
1 February 2026- Presented at: Kartavya Bhawan (renamed from North Block) — first budget from the new premises.
- Three Kartavyas (Duties): (1) Accelerate & sustain economic growth; (2) Fulfil citizens' aspirations; (3) Ensure inclusive access — aligned with Sabka Saath, Sabka Vikas.
- Fiscal Deficit: Targeted at 4.3% of GDP for FY 2026-27, continuing consolidation path.
- Debt-to-GDP: Projected at 55.6%; medium-term target: 50% (±1%) by 2030-31.
- Capital Expenditure: Record ₹12.2 lakh crore — up 9% from previous year.
- Total Expenditure: ₹53.47 lakh crore; Total non-debt receipts: ₹36.5 lakh crore.
- Nominal GDP growth: Estimated at 10% for FY 2026-27.
- New Income Tax Act: Income Tax Act 2025 replaces the 1961 Act from April 1, 2026.
Budget is core GS-III. Focus on fiscal deficit, CapEx ratio, FRBM Act, Article 112 (Annual Financial Statement), Demands for Grants, Constitutional basis of budget-making, Revenue vs Capital expenditure distinction.
₹1.4 lakh crore allocated as Finance Commission grants to states. 16th Finance Commission recommended vertical devolution of 41%. J&K as UT receives separate central allocation — relevant for J&K governance questions.
Budget 2026-27: Key Missions & Sector Allocations
1 February 2026- Biopharma SHAKTI: ₹10,000 crore over 5 years — 3 new NIPERs + 7 upgraded — target: global hub for biologics & biosimilars.
- Semiconductor Mission 2.0 (ISM 2.0): Focus on equipment, materials, and Indian IP design — builds on India Semiconductor Mission.
- CCUS (Carbon Capture): ₹20,000 crore over 5 years for carbon capture in power, steel & cement sectors.
- City Economic Regions (CER): ₹5,000 crore per CER — developing Tier II/III cities as economic growth nodes.
- High-Speed Rail: 7 corridors planned — Mumbai-Pune, Delhi-Varanasi, Hyderabad-Bengaluru among them.
- National Waterways: 20 new National Waterways; NW-5 (Odisha) to be operationalized first; ship repair hubs in Varanasi & Patna.
- East Coast Industrial Corridor: Key node at Durgapur — integrates NICDIT framework (₹3,000 crore).
- Defence Budget: Ministry of Defence gets highest allocation — ₹7,84,678 crore (15% of total); up ₹52,166 crore (7%) over 2025-26.
- 4,000 e-buses: Deployment for sustainable urban public transport.
- Buddhist Circuit: Scheme to develop Buddhist Circuits across North-East states.
Budget 2026 marks a decisive pivot to strategic manufacturing — 7 frontier sectors (Biopharma, Semiconductors, Rare Earths, Electronics, Textiles, Chemicals, Capital Goods) reducing import dependence. Infrastructure-led growth model continues with highest-ever CapEx. CCUS signals alignment with net-zero goals.
Budget 2026-27: Tax Reforms & Direct Tax Changes
1 February 2026- New Tax Code: Income Tax Act 2025 replaces 1961 Act — simplified, reduced litigation focus.
- TCS Reduction: Tax Collected at Source on overseas education & tour packages reduced to flat 2%.
- MACT Exemption: Interest from Motor Accident Claims Tribunal fully exempt from income tax.
- Buyback Tax: Share buybacks now taxed as capital gains (not dividend) in shareholder's hands.
- MAT Rationalisation: Minimum Alternate Tax reduced to 14% from April 2026.
- F&O STT: Securities Transaction Tax on Futures & Options hiked to 0.05%/0.15% to curb speculation.
- Revised Returns: Deadline extended from Dec 31 → March 31 (with nominal fee).
- Disinvestment Target: ₹80,000 crore for FY 2026-27 (higher than 2025-26 budget target).
Key Economic Developments — February 2026
Feb 7–28, 2026- India-USA Interim Trade Agreement: Agreed on Feb 7 — India to reduce/remove tariffs on industrial goods, agricultural products; US tariff on Indian exports reduced to 18%. Covers DDGs, tree nuts, soybean oil, wine & spirits.
- CBDC-Based PDS Pilot: PMGKAY food subsidy via Central Bank Digital Currency (Retail CBDC) pilot launched in Puducherry on Feb 26. Programmable tokens for purpose-bound subsidy transfers.
- FCI-WFP MoU: Food Corporation of India signs MoU with World Food Programme — supply of 2 lakh MT rice for global hunger relief over 5 years at ₹2,800/quintal.
- E20 Petrol Mandate: From April 1, 2026 — petrol with 20% ethanol blend (E20) mandatory nationwide; minimum RON 95. Aligns with Ethanol Blended Programme (EBP).
- Amazon surpasses Walmart: Becomes world's largest company by annual revenue in 2026.
- NSIC Upgraded: National Small Industries Corporation upgraded from Schedule B to Schedule A CPSE by MoMSME.
- MSP for Raw Jute 2026-27: CCEA approved ₹5,925 per quintal for TD-3 grade.
- India-EU FTA: India-EU Free Trade Agreement concluded in 2026 — world's largest FTA covering 99% of India's export trade.
E20 mandate directly impacts J&K's fuel infrastructure. CBDC pilot in Puducherry is template for nationwide DBT reform including J&K. FCI-WFP MoU important for food security questions — FCI stores grain in J&K depots for PDS distribution.
Consider the following about Union Budget 2026-27:
1. First budget presented from Kartavya Bhawan (renamed North Block).
2. Fiscal deficit targeted at 4.3% of GDP.
3. Capital expenditure is ₹10.5 lakh crore.
4. Income Tax Act 2025 replaces the 1961 Act from April 1, 2026.
Which are correct? (a) 1, 2 & 4 only (b) 2 & 3 only (c) 1 & 3 only (d) All four
Which correctly describes 'Biopharma SHAKTI' (Budget 2026-27)?
(a) ₹10,000 crore scheme for new NIPERs + upgraded existing ones for biologics & biosimilars manufacturing.
(b) A scheme to provide free medicines to rural populations under NHM.
(c) FDI relaxation policy for pharmaceutical imports.
(d) Programme to digitise all government hospital pharmacies by 2027.
Regarding E20 petrol mandate (effective April 1, 2026), which are correct?
1. E20 = petrol blended with 20% ethanol.
2. It is part of India's Ethanol Blended Programme (EBP).
3. Minimum octane rating specified is RON 91.
4. India is the world's largest ethanol fuel producer.
(a) 1 & 2 only (b) 1, 2 & 3 only (c) 2 & 4 only (d) 1, 2 & 4 only
The CBDC-based PMGKAY food subsidy pilot was launched in February 2026 in:
(a) Chandigarh (b) Shillong (c) Puducherry (d) Gandhinagar
Match List-I (Scheme) with List-II (Description):
A. CCUS B. City Economic Regions C. ISM 2.0 D. GOBARdhan
1. Carbon Capture Utilisation & Storage (₹20,000 cr) 2. Tier II/III cities as economic growth nodes 3. Semiconductor equipment & Indian IP design 4. Organic waste to bio-CNG — covers 50%+ districts
(a) A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4 (b) A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3 (c) A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2 (d) A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
Which pairs are correctly matched?
1. CCUS — Carbon Capture, Utilisation and Storage
2. City Economic Regions — Mega-city plan for metros
3. FCI-WFP MoU — Supply of wheat to Afghanistan
4. NSIC — Upgraded to Schedule A CPSE from Schedule B
(a) 1 & 4 only (b) 1, 2 & 4 only (c) 2 & 3 only (d) All four
Discuss the significance of Capital Expenditure in the Union Budget as an instrument for economic growth. How does Budget 2026-27's CapEx allocation reflect India's infrastructure-led growth strategy? Mains GS-III · 10M
Link: Keynesian multiplier, crowding-in effect, FRBM, fiscal space, Viksit Bharat 2047What is the Ethanol Blended Programme (EBP)? Analyse how the E20 mandate serves India's energy security and climate commitments simultaneously. Mains GS-III · 10M
Link: Biofuel Policy 2018, INDC targets, agricultural income for sugarcane/maize farmersWhat is Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC)? How does the CBDC-based food subsidy pilot in Puducherry demonstrate the potential for transforming Direct Benefit Transfer? Prelims + Mains
Link: RBI Act, programmable money, leakage in PDS, Aadhaar seeding, financial inclusionCritically examine the India-US Interim Trade Agreement 2026 in the context of India's Atmanirbhar Bharat ambitions and global trade policy shifts under protectionism. Mains GS-II/III · 15M
Link: WTO, MFN principle, tariff reduction vs NTBs, India-US trade imbalance, Trump trade policyInternational Relations
High-impact diplomatic developments — India-France upgrade, PM Modi's Israel visit, Brazil state visit, Iran crisis.
India-France: Special Global Strategic Partnership & AI Summit
18 February 2026- French President Macron visited India for the 2nd India-AI Impact Summit (Feb 16-20) at Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi — first major AI event in the Global South.
- Partnership Upgrade: India-France bilateral ties elevated to "Special Global Strategic Partnership" — comprehensive alliance until 2047.
- Year of Innovation 2026: Launch of India-France Year of Innovation — AI, healthcare, sustainable development collaborations.
- Defence Roadmap: Co-production of fighter jet engines (Safran-HAL); procurement of 26 Rafale-Marine jets.
- Small Modular Reactors (SMRs): Commitment to co-develop SMRs and Advanced Modular Reactors towards India's 100 GW nuclear target.
- AI & Health: Research centre involving AIIMS New Delhi and Paris Brain Institute for AI in healthcare.
- UNSC Reform: France actively backs India's permanent membership in UN Security Council.
- India-France diplomatic ties began in 1947; PM Modi was Guest of Honour at Bastille Day 2023; Macron attended Republic Day 2024.
France is India's key partner in Indo-Pacific, nuclear technology, defence, and space. The "Special" designation (higher than Strategic Partnership) signals long-term alignment. SMR cooperation is critical for India's 2070 net-zero goal without compromising energy security.
India's nuclear energy programme and defence partnerships are direct governance concerns for J&K (nuclear plant proposals, border security technology from France). IMEC corridor, if operationalized, connects India's trade routes through J&K's strategic geography.
PM Modi's Israel Visit: Knesset Medal & Villages of Excellence
Late February 2026- Knesset Medal: PM Modi awarded the 'Speaker of the Knesset' Medal — first foreign leader to receive this honour. Knesset is the Israeli Parliament.
- Villages of Excellence Initiative: PM Modi announced during Israel visit — grassroots extension of Indo-Israel Agriculture Project (IIAP); aims to transform farming clusters using Israeli technology directly at village level.
- Target: Increase Centres of Excellence (CoEs) across India to 100.
- India-Israel FTA: First round of FTA negotiations commenced in New Delhi Feb 23-26. Terms of Reference signed after years of negotiation.
- IMEC Integration: Israel as Mediterranean gateway for Indian goods under India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor.
- Semiconductor Diplomacy: Leveraging Israel's chip-design expertise for India's semiconductor missions at Dholera.
- PM Modi's awards from foreign nations: Order of Zayed (UAE 2019), Order of St. Andrew (Russia), King Abdulaziz Sash (Saudi Arabia), Order of the Nile (Egypt), Legion of Merit (USA), Legion of Honour (France), Order of Fiji.
Brazil State Visit, India-Nepal MoU & India-GCC FTA
Feb 18–27, 2026- Brazil State Visit: President Lula da Silva visited India (Feb 18-22) — enhanced BRICS cooperation, trade and climate dialogue.
- India-Nepal MoU: New MoU signed to strengthen cooperation in forests, wildlife, biodiversity conservation, and climate change — Bhutan-India rivers management also discussed.
- India-GCC FTA: India commenced first round of FTA negotiations with Gulf Cooperation Council countries (Saudi Arabia, UAE, Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Oman) — strategic for energy security and diaspora remittances.
- India-Israel FTA Round 1: Feb 23-26, New Delhi. Strategic trade partnership as post-conflict economic reset.
- Druzhba Pipeline: Russia-Europe Druzhba Pipeline resumed partial flows — India-Russia energy cooperation implications noted.
India-Nepal biodiversity MoU matters for J&K aspirants — Himalayan ecosystem conservation, transboundary wildlife corridors (snow leopard, brown bear) connect J&K with Nepal's mountain ecology. GCC remittances are major income for J&K's labour diaspora in Gulf.
Iran Crisis: US-Israel Strike on Tehran (Feb 28)
28 February 2026- A joint US-Israeli airstrike on February 28 destroyed the Supreme Leader's compound in Tehran — a major geopolitical escalation.
- Iran Retaliation: Iran launched missile attacks on GCC states hosting US bases (UAE, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait) — targeted Al Udeid (Qatar) and 5th Fleet base (Bahrain).
- Strait of Hormuz: Became a combat zone — 9 Iranian naval vessels reported sunk; global oil prices soared; flights grounded over Middle East hubs including Dubai.
- India Impact: Oil import disruption risk; evacuation of Indian diaspora from Gulf; crude oil price surge threatening fiscal math and current account deficit.
- India's Position: Strategic autonomy — neither endorsing strikes nor condemning Iran; focus on evacuation, energy diversification.
Critical for: India's West Asia policy, Strait of Hormuz (India's oil chokepoint), Indian diaspora in Gulf (8.9 million), crude oil dependence (India imports ~85% of crude), IMEC viability, India's vote pattern in UNSC on Middle East, Non-Alignment in modern context.
J&K has significant labour diaspora in Gulf states. Rise in crude prices impacts central fiscal transfers to J&K. Strategic location of J&K in context of India's responses to geopolitical shocks is a recurring exam theme.
Consider the following about the India-France 'Special Global Strategic Partnership' (February 2026):
1. French President Macron attended the 2nd India-AI Impact Summit held at Bharat Mandapam.
2. India and France plan to co-develop Small Modular Reactors (SMRs).
3. India is procuring 36 Rafale-Marine jets under the new defence roadmap.
4. France backs India's permanent UNSC membership.
Which are correct? (a) 1, 2 & 4 only (b) 2 & 3 only (c) 1, 3 & 4 only (d) All four
PM Modi received the 'Speaker of the Knesset Medal' in February 2026. Knesset is the parliament of which country?
(a) Jordan (b) Israel (c) Egypt (d) Saudi Arabia
Which of the following statements about the Strait of Hormuz is/are correct?
1. It connects the Persian Gulf to the Gulf of Oman.
2. Approximately 20% of the world's oil passes through it.
3. It is entirely within Iran's territorial waters.
4. India imports nearly 85% of its crude oil needs from the Persian Gulf region.
(a) 1 & 2 only (b) 1, 2 & 4 only (c) 2 & 4 only (d) 1, 3 & 4 only
The 'Villages of Excellence' initiative announced by PM Modi during his Israel visit in February 2026 is an extension of which programme?
(a) SATAT scheme under MoPNG
(b) Indo-Israel Agriculture Project (IIAP)
(c) PMKSY — Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana
(d) National Horticulture Mission
Which countries are members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) with which India began FTA negotiations in 2026?
1. Saudi Arabia 2. Iran 3. Qatar 4. Kuwait 5. Iraq 6. Oman
(a) 1, 3, 4 and 6 only (b) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only (c) 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6 only (d) All six
With reference to Small Modular Reactors (SMRs), consider which of the following statements are correct:
(a) SMRs are advanced nuclear reactors with capacity typically below 300 MWe. (b) India-France plan to co-develop SMRs was announced in 2026. (c) SMRs cannot be used for district heating or desalination. (d) SMRs require enriched uranium that India cannot produce domestically. Prelims MCQ
Examine India's foreign policy response to the Iran-Israel-US crisis of February 2026. How does India balance its energy security, diaspora interests, and strategic partnerships in the context of West Asian geopolitics? Mains GS-II · 15M
Link: Strait of Hormuz, Operation Ajay/Kaveri precedent, India-Iran Chabahar, India-US relations, OPEC+What is the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)? Evaluate its strategic significance and the challenges posed by West Asian instability to its operationalization. Mains GS-II · 10M
Link: G20 New Delhi Declaration 2023, China's BRI, Israel-UAE Abraham Accords, Red Sea securityInternal Security & Defence
PRAHAAR counter-terror policy, major defence exercises, DRDO tech, Dornier procurement.
PRAHAAR: India's First National Counter-Terrorism Policy
23 February 2026- Released by: Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) on February 23, 2026.
- Meaning: "Strike" in Hindi — India's first publicly articulated unified counter-terror policy.
- Seven Pillars (Acronym P-R-A-H-A-A-R):
P – Prevention of terror attacks
R – Response (swift & proportionate)
A – Aggregating internal capacities (whole-of-government)
H – Human Rights & Rule of Law
A – Attenuating conditions enabling terrorism (de-radicalisation)
A – Aligning international efforts
R – Recovery & resilience (whole-of-society) - Key Features: Intelligence-led prevention; zero tolerance for terrorism; addresses CBRNED threats, drone terrorism, cyber-financing, dark web, encrypted messaging.
- Zero Tolerance: Explicitly rejects linking terrorism with any religion, ethnicity or identity.
- Not a new agency — consolidates existing mechanisms (NIA, MAC, NSG, UAPA, CAPFs) under unified doctrine.
- Context: Pahalgam terror incident (April 22, 2025) accelerated NIA-State coordination; PRAHAAR formalises this.
PRAHAAR is an 8-page document — compared to US's 34-page National Strategy for Counterterrorism and UK's 78-page CONTEST strategy. Lacks measurable benchmarks and independent oversight mechanisms. Does not address right-wing extremism spectrum explicitly. Strength lies in unifying scattered legislative responses.
Highly relevant for J&K — cross-border terrorism, Pakistan-sponsored militancy, de-radicalisation programmes in Valley, Pahalgam attack's policy impact on security doctrine, role of Army and CRPF in J&K counter-insurgency. PRAHAAR directly shapes governance framework aspirants will administer.
Defence Exercises & DRDO Developments — February 2026
February 2026- Exercise Vayu Shakti 2026: Indian Air Force exercise — showcased Rafale, Tejas, Akash air defence systems. Demonstrates IAF operational readiness post-Operation Sindoor.
- Exercise Khanjar (13th ed.): India-Kyrgyzstan joint exercise — urban warfare, mountain warfare, sniping; held at Foreign Training Node, Chaubattia, Uttarakhand.
- Exercise Agni Pariksha: First-of-its-kind — joint training of infantry and ITBP with artillery firing missions; breaks traditional role silos.
- Exercise Dharma Guardian: India-Japan JGSDF joint exercise — semi-urban environment operations, Chaubattia, Uttarakhand.
- Exercise Vajra Prahar: India-USA Special Forces joint exercise — counter-terrorism, HADR operations.
- DRDO SFDR Test: Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) technology demonstrated from Integrated Test Range, Chandipur. Air-breathing propulsion system for supersonic missiles — uses atmospheric oxygen; unlike conventional rockets maintains thrust in terminal phase.
- Dornier 228 Contract: MoD signed ₹2,312 crore contract with HAL to procure 8 Dornier 228 aircraft for Indian Coast Guard — Buy (Indian) category; maritime patrol, surveillance, SAR roles.
- LCH Prachand: Light Combat Helicopter continued induction into IAF/Army — designed for high-altitude warfare including operations in Siachen/Ladakh sector.
LCH Prachand is specifically designed for J&K's high-altitude terrain — its induction directly enhances India's capability in Ladakh/Siachen sectors. Exercise Agni Pariksha's ITBP integration is relevant for J&K's LAC management. Coast Guard Dorniers patrol coastal threats while ITBP guards mountain borders abutting J&K.
Consider the following about PRAHAAR, India's first national counter-terrorism policy (February 2026):
1. Released by the Ministry of Home Affairs on February 23, 2026.
2. 'PRAHAAR' stands for a 7-pillar framework where 'H' stands for Human Rights & Rule of Law.
3. It creates a new dedicated counter-terrorism agency under MHA.
4. It explicitly rejects linking terrorism with any religion, ethnicity or identity.
(a) 1, 2 & 4 only (b) 1 & 3 only (c) 2, 3 & 4 only (d) All four
Match the military exercise (List-I) with its partner nation (List-II):
A. Exercise Khanjar B. Exercise Dharma Guardian C. Exercise Vajra Prahar D. Exercise Agni Pariksha
1. USA 2. Japan 3. Kyrgyzstan 4. India (joint — Infantry + ITBP)
(a) A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4 (b) A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1 (c) A-1, B-4, C-3, D-2 (d) A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
What is Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) technology? Consider the statements:
1. It is an air-breathing propulsion system for supersonic missiles.
2. Unlike conventional rockets, it uses atmospheric oxygen to sustain thrust.
3. It was tested at Integrated Test Range, Chandipur by DRDO.
4. SFDR cannot be used for anti-aircraft missiles — only ground attack roles.
(a) 1, 2 & 3 only (b) 2 & 4 only (c) 1 & 3 only (d) All four
The Dornier 228 aircraft procured by MoD for Indian Coast Guard in February 2026 is produced by:
(a) DRDO, Hyderabad (b) HAL, Kanpur (c) BEL, Bengaluru (d) Mazagon Dock Limited
LCH Prachand (Light Combat Helicopter) is primarily designed for operations at what altitude and terrain?
(a) Low altitude — coastal surveillance and amphibious support
(b) High altitude (above 6,000m) — specifically designed for Siachen/Ladakh operations
(c) Medium altitude — urban close air support only
(d) Deep ocean anti-submarine operations from aircraft carriers
What is Solid Fuel Ducted Ramjet (SFDR) technology? How does it represent an advancement over conventional rocket propulsion for India's missile programme? Prelims + Mains GS-III
Link: BrahMos, DRDO, air-breathing propulsion, India's missile tech roadmap, Atmanirbhar defenceAnalyse the role of joint military exercises in India's defence diplomacy. How do exercises like Dharma Guardian and Khanjar contribute to India's Act East Policy and Central Asia Connect? Mains GS-II/III · 10M
Link: SCO, QUAD, counter-terrorism cooperation, mountain warfare doctrine, soft powerScience & Technology
AI summit, SUJVIKA portal, Gaganyaan milestone, hydrogen fellowship, biotechnology developments.
2nd India-AI Impact Summit 2026 & AI Governance
16–20 February 2026- Venue: Bharat Mandapam, New Delhi — first major AI summit hosted in the Global South.
- Inaugurated by: PM Narendra Modi; co-organised by MeitY, NASSCOM, NITI Aayog.
- UPI One World Wallet: NPCI launched UPI One World Wallet for international delegates — enables cross-border UPI payments without Indian bank account.
- India's AI Stand: "Democratizing AI" — bridging global AI divide; ensuring developing nations have access to secure, trustworthy AI tools.
- Global South Leadership: India positioned as voice of Global South in AI governance discourse — linking AI with development, not just corporate profit.
- SUJVIKA Portal (Feb 24): AI-driven biotech product data portal — Trade Statistics Digital Intelligence Platform. Launched by Dr. Jitendra Singh on 40th Foundation Day of Department of Biotechnology (DBT). Developed with ABLE (Association of Biotechnology Led Enterprises).
- Gaganyaan Milestone: Successful qualification-level load test of Drogue Parachute at Rail Track Rocket Sled (RTRS) facility of DRDO. Critical crew safety milestone for India's human spaceflight programme.
- India-Netherlands Hydrogen Fellowship (Feb 6): Launched by DST. MoU between University of Groningen and 19 IITs. Open to Indian PhD scholars, postdocs, and faculty. Focus: green energy and hydrogen (H₂) research.
- National Science Day (Feb 28): Commemorates C.V. Raman's 1928 discovery of Raman Effect — the only Nobel Prize for Physics won by an Indian working in India.
Gaganyaan directly involves DRDO Chandipur facility (SFDR tests). National Innovation Mission connects to J&K's innovation ecosystem under LG Administration's startup policy. India's hydrogen programme has strategic implications for J&K's hydropower-based green energy potential.
State Innovation Mission, CBDC & Digital Governance Tech
February 2026- India's 1st State Innovation Mission (Tripura): Launched under Atal Innovation Mission 2.0 (NITI Aayog). T-NEST — Tripura's 1st incubation hub launched alongside. India's 1st District Innovator Fellowship (DIF) announced.
- NeVA at Bihar Assembly: National e-Vidhan Application (NeVA) launched at Bihar Assembly — National Informatics Centre's cloud-based digital platform for paperless legislative functioning. Bihar Assembly's 105th Foundation Day.
- CBDC Framework: RBI specified Unique Transaction Identifier (UTI) format — max 52 characters including LEI; aligned with Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures guidelines.
Consider the following about India's Gaganyaan Mission:
1. It aims to send a 3-member crew to 400 km Low Earth Orbit.
2. It uses the LVM3 (modified GSLV Mk III) as the launch vehicle.
3. 'Vyommitra' is the humanoid robot astronaut tested in unmanned missions.
4. In February 2026, the Drogue Parachute was successfully tested at the Rail Track Rocket Sled (RTRS) facility.
(a) 1 & 2 only (b) 2 & 3 only (c) All four (d) 1, 2 & 4 only
The SUJVIKA portal, launched in February 2026, is a trade statistics platform associated with which ministry/department?
(a) Ministry of Commerce and Industry
(b) Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology
(c) Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY)
(d) NITI Aayog's Atal Innovation Mission
The India-Netherlands Hydrogen Fellowship Programme (February 2026) involves collaboration between:
(a) DRDO and Delft University of Technology
(b) DST and University of Groningen with 19 IITs
(c) ISRO and European Space Agency's Netherlands Institute
(d) CSIR and Wageningen University
National Science Day is celebrated on February 28 to commemorate the discovery of:
(a) X-ray crystallography — C.V. Raman (1930)
(b) Raman Effect — C.V. Raman (1928)
(c) Chandrasekhar Limit — Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar (1930)
(d) Theory of cosmic rays — Homi J. Bhabha (1937)
The UPI One World Wallet, launched at the India-AI Impact Summit 2026, enables:
(a) Cross-border UPI payments without requiring an Indian bank account
(b) UPI transactions above ₹2 lakh limit for HNIs
(c) Central bank digital currency integration with private wallets
(d) Cryptocurrency exchange via UPI infrastructure
What is the significance of India hosting the AI Impact Summit in the context of "AI for Global South"? Examine the ethical and governance challenges of artificial intelligence from a developing nation's perspective. Mains GS-III · 15M
Link: AI governance frameworks (Bletchley Declaration), India Data Protection Act, digital divide, facial recognition biasExplain the concept of green hydrogen. How does the India-Netherlands Hydrogen Fellowship Programme contribute to India's National Hydrogen Mission goals? Mains GS-III · 10M
Link: National Hydrogen Mission 2021, Green Hydrogen Standard, electrolyzer technology, India's 5 MMT target by 2030Environment & Ecology
Goa Bird Atlas, Zero Prize, GOBARdhan circular economy, green ammonia, NDMA-CSIR MoU.
Key Environmental Developments — February 2026
February 2026- Goa Bird Atlas: Goa becomes 2nd state (after Kerala) to publish a state-level Bird Atlas. Published during 9th Bird Festival of Goa at Valpoi; covers 370 sq km; theme: "Majestic Mhadei" (Mhadei river basin ecology).
- Zero Prize: India launched first-ever results-based environmental award — ₹5 crore corpus — rewards scientifically verified pollution reduction.
- GOBARdhan Scheme: Waste-to-Wealth mission — GOBARdhan (bio-CNG from animal waste) has covered over 50% of India's districts. Circular economy in agriculture: 6Rs framework (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Refurbish, Recover, Repair). India generates ~350 million tonnes agricultural waste annually.
- Green Ammonia Auction: SECI conducted landmark auction — record-low prices for green ammonia, 40-50% below European benchmarks. Signals India's emergence as competitive green ammonia producer.
- NDMA-AcSIR-CSIR MoU: National Disaster Management Authority signed MoU with AcSIR and CSIR-NIScPR for collaborative Disaster Management Research and Response (DMRR).
- India-Nepal Forest MoU: MoU for transboundary biodiversity conservation and climate change cooperation — Himalayan ecosystem connectivity.
- Saudi Poultry Ban: Saudi Arabia imposed complete ban on poultry imports from 40 countries including India & Bangladesh — public health concerns.
Mhadei river dispute is a parallel to J&K's water conflict narratives (Indus Waters Treaty, Chenab water allocation). GOBARdhan circular economy model is relevant for J&K's rural waste management. Himalayan biodiversity conservation under India-Nepal MoU directly covers J&K's transboundary species (snow leopard, hangul/Kashmir stag).
Which state became the 2nd in India to publish a state-level Bird Atlas in 2026 (after Kerala)?
(a) Rajasthan (b) Goa (c) Assam (d) Karnataka
Consider the following about the GOBARdhan scheme:
1. GOBARdhan stands for Galvanising Organic Bio-Agro Resources Dhan.
2. It focuses on converting animal and agricultural waste into bio-CNG and compost.
3. It has covered more than 50% of India's districts as of February 2026.
4. It is implemented under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change.
(a) 1, 2 & 3 only (b) 2, 3 & 4 only (c) 1 & 3 only (d) All four
India's 'Zero Prize', launched in 2026, is best described as:
(a) An award for zero-waste management in urban local bodies
(b) India's first results-based environmental award for scientifically verified pollution reduction
(c) A prize for achieving net-zero emissions in industrial clusters
(d) An UN Environment Programme award hosted in India
Green ammonia differs from conventional (grey) ammonia primarily because:
(a) It is produced using renewable energy to power the electrolysis of water and subsequent Haber-Bosch process.
(b) It is derived from nitrogen fixation by genetically modified bacteria.
(c) It uses natural gas with carbon capture to reduce net emissions by 20%.
(d) It is ammonia that has been filtered to remove sulphur compounds.
World Wetlands Day (February 2) marks the anniversary of which international agreement?
(a) Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
(b) Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
(c) Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
(d) Bonn Convention on Migratory Species
What is green ammonia? Analyse its potential as a clean fuel and the significance of India's SECI auction results for India's energy transition goals. Mains GS-III · 10M
Link: Haber-Bosch process, blue vs green ammonia, shipping fuel, India's hydrogen mission, SECI's roleThe concept of circular economy in agriculture is increasingly seen as essential for sustainable development. Discuss with reference to India's GOBARdhan scheme and its integration with rural sanitation and energy goals. Mains GS-III · 15M
Link: Swachh Bharat Mission, bio-CNG, compost, biochar, MNRE, MSME linkages with agri-wastePolity & Governance
Kerala renamed Keralam, NCERT judiciary controversy, IICA EoDB panel, election integrity.
Kerala Renamed 'Keralam' — Constitutional Process
25 February 2026- Union Cabinet approved renaming Kerala → Keralam; proposal follows unanimous Kerala Legislative Assembly resolutions (August 2023 & June 2024).
- Constitutional Procedure (Article 3): President refers the Kerala (Alteration of Name) Bill 2026 to State Legislature for views → introduced in Parliament → passed by simple majority in both Houses.
- Constitutional Amendments Required: First Schedule (list of states) must be amended; Fourth Schedule (Rajya Sabha seat allocation) requires consequential update.
- This is NOT a Special Majority amendment (not Article 368) — renaming of states requires only simple majority under Article 3 read with Article 4.
Article 3 allows Parliament to alter state names, areas, or boundaries without state legislature's consent (only consultation required). Compare with Uttarakhand (from Uttaranchal), Odisha (from Orissa), Gurgaon (to Gurugram - municipal, not state). Difference: state-initiated vs Parliament-initiated renaming.
J&K aspirants must know: J&K's own reorganisation in 2019 under Article 3 (bifurcation into two UTs — J&K and Ladakh) used the same constitutional provision. This makes Article 3's procedure extremely relevant for J&K governance exam questions.
Governance & Institutional Developments
February 2026- NCERT Textbook Controversy: Supreme Court objected to Class 8 NCERT Social Science textbook ("Exploring Society: India and Beyond") chapter "Role of Judiciary in Our Society" — alleged defamation of judiciary. Raises questions on judicial independence, freedom of speech, and educational curriculum.
- IICA Ease of Doing Business Panel: Indian Institute of Corporate Affairs (IICA, under MCA) set up high-level Advisory Group on EoDB chaired by Gyaneshwar Kumar Singh (DG, IICA). Research study: "Re-envisioning Ease of Doing Business for Viksit Bharat 2047".
- Bangladesh Election: BNP led by Tarique Rahman won general elections — ending nearly two decades of Awami League dominance. Critical for India-Bangladesh relations and Teesta water-sharing negotiations.
- VOC Port Projects: Minister Sonowal inaugurated ₹1,500 crore projects at V.O. Chidambaranar (VOC) Port, Tuticorin — Maritime Heritage Museum, rail-road connectivity, renewable energy under Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047.
- ESIC 75th Year: Employees' State Insurance Corporation began 75th Foundation Year celebrations — ₹75 commemorative coin issued. ESIC launched in 1952 by PM Nehru; first insured person was Nehru himself.
Bangladesh political transition matters for J&K — BNP's electoral win changes Pakistan-Bangladesh-India triangle; Tarique Rahman's views on India relations are being watched. ESIC's expansion to J&K's unorganised sector is an ongoing administrative challenge for UT governance.
Consider the following about renaming a state in India:
1. Renaming of a state requires a Bill passed by Parliament with simple majority.
2. The state legislature's consent is mandatory before Parliament can pass such a Bill.
3. First Schedule and Fourth Schedule of the Constitution need amendment for a state rename.
4. The President must refer the Bill to the state legislature for views (not consent) before introduction.
(a) 1, 3 & 4 only (b) 1 & 2 only (c) 2, 3 & 4 only (d) All four
Which of the following state renamings required the same constitutional procedure as Kerala → Keralam (2026)?
1. Uttaranchal → Uttarakhand (2006)
2. Orissa → Odisha (2011)
3. Madras → Tamil Nadu (1969)
4. NEFA → Arunachal Pradesh (1972)
(a) 1 & 2 only (b) All four (c) 1, 2 & 3 only (d) 2, 3 & 4 only
The National e-Vidhan Application (NeVA), recently launched at Bihar Assembly, is developed by:
(a) ISRO's Space Applications Centre
(b) National Informatics Centre (NIC) under MeitY
(c) NASSCOM's Digital India wing
(d) Infosys Foundation under PPP with Lok Sabha Secretariat
With reference to ESIC (Employees' State Insurance Corporation) in 2026:
1. ESIC was established in 1948 under the ESI Act, 1948.
2. PM Nehru was the first insured person when ESIC was operationally launched in 1952.
3. ESIC is under the Ministry of Labour and Employment.
4. In 2026, ESIC celebrated its Platinum Jubilee (75 years).
(a) 1 & 3 only (b) 1, 2 & 3 only (c) 2, 3 & 4 only (d) All four
The Supreme Court's reaction to the NCERT textbook chapter on judiciary raises concerns about the balance between academic freedom and judicial independence. Analyse. Mains GS-II · 10M
Link: Judicial independence, contempt of court, Freedom of speech (Art 19), National Curriculum Framework, Kesavananda BharatiBangladesh's political transition in 2026 has significant implications for India's neighbourhood first policy. Evaluate the challenges and opportunities for India-Bangladesh relations under BNP leadership. Mains GS-II · 15M
Link: Teesta water, transit connectivity, rohingya, border management, trade, Hasina era India-Bangla relationsSocial Issues, Schemes & Human Development
NAMASTE scheme data, Women Business & Law Report, inequality analysis, fortified rice, HPV vaccine.
Social Development Highlights — February 2026
February 2026- NAMASTE Scheme Data: First-ever nationwide enumeration of waste-pickers released. 84.5% belong to SC, ST, and OBC communities — reveals deep social stratification in informal urban labour. NAMASTE = National Action for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem.
- World Bank Women, Business & Law 2026 Report: Highlights "global implementation gap" — laws for women's economic equality exist but weak enforcement. 600 million girls entering workforce this decade. India's position: progress in legislation, gaps in enforcement of POSH Act, equal pay, maternity benefits.
- Inequality Alarm (Insights/RBI data): Data from 2014-25 shows 1-in-4 households slipping into deprivation despite headline GDP growth. Surplus labour trap: 90% of India's 650 million workforce in unorganised sector; ~350 million not seeking work (discouraged); ASHA/Anganwadi workers receive ₹7,000-₹12,000/month below minimum wage.
- Fortified Rice: Supreme Court directives on fortified rice distribution under PDS — ongoing debate on micronutrient deficiency vs potential harm to thalassemia patients.
- HPV Vaccine: Government expanding HPV vaccination programme for adolescent girls (9-14 years) — cervical cancer prevention. WHO-recommended; single-dose strategy discussed.
- National Arogya Fair 2026: Organised by Ministry of Ayush (Feb 25-28, Shegaon, Buldhana, Maharashtra) — promoting AYUSH systems of medicine.
- National Protein Day (Feb 27): 7th observance — "Right to Protein" campaign (since 2020, led by USSEC) promotes plant-based proteins.
NAMASTE data is directly relevant — J&K's sanitation workers are predominantly from marginalised communities. HPV vaccination rollout in J&K schools is part of NHM J&K implementation. J&K has specific demographic indicators (IMR, MMR, literacy) that differ between Kashmir Valley, Jammu region, and Ladakh — relevant for social welfare admin questions.
Consider the following about NAMASTE scheme and its 2026 data:
1. NAMASTE stands for National Action for Mechanised Sanitation Ecosystem.
2. The first nationwide enumeration of waste-pickers was released in February 2026.
3. Data shows 84.5% of waste-pickers belong to SC, ST and OBC communities.
4. NAMASTE is jointly implemented by MoHUA and Ministry of Social Justice.
(a) 1, 2 & 3 only (b) 2 & 4 only (c) All four (d) 1 & 3 only
The World Bank 'Women, Business and the Law 2026' report highlights which key finding?
(a) India tops the gender equality index among BRICS nations.
(b) There is a 'global implementation gap' — laws for women's economic equality exist but enforcement is weak.
(c) Gender pay gap has been eliminated in G20 countries by 2026.
(d) 600 million girls have already entered the formal workforce this decade.
National Protein Day (February 27) is observed by which organisation?
(a) Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)
(b) WHO South-East Asia Regional Office
(c) US Soybean Export Council (USSEC)
(d) Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI)
Which ministry organises the National Arogya Fair?
(a) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
(b) Ministry of Ayush
(c) Ministry of Science and Technology
(d) Ministry of Rural Development
"High inequality is not just unjust — it is developmentally inefficient." Examine how rising inequality in India distorts policy outcomes and poses risks to sustainable human development. Mains GS-III · 15M
Link: HDI, Gini coefficient, Amartya Sen's capability approach, NFHS-5 data, urban-rural divideWhat is the surplus labour trap? Explain how structural features of the Indian economy create this trap and suggest policy measures to break it. Mains GS-III · 10M
Link: Informal sector, Lewis model, GCCs, PLI scheme, skill India, PMKVY, gig economy regulationJ&K Special — JKPSC Focus
J&K-specific current affairs, LG Administration decisions, strategic and development matters unique to the UT.
J&K Administration & Strategic Affairs — February 2026
February 2026- PRAHAAR & J&K Security: India's first counter-terror policy PRAHAAR is heavily influenced by J&K's security experience. Pahalgam terror attack (April 2025) accelerated its framing. J&K's unified command structure (Army + CRPF + J&K Police + IB) is model for PRAHAAR's whole-of-government approach.
- Budget 2026-27 & J&K: J&K as UT receives separate Central allocation beyond Finance Commission grants. Defence budget hike (15.2%) impacts Army deployment in J&K, border infrastructure along LoC/LAC, and strategic road-building in Ladakh (BRTF projects).
- LCH Prachand Induction: Light Combat Helicopter specifically designed for altitudes above 6,000m — directly relevant to Siachen Glacier operations and Ladakh border management. Operationally deploys from airfields in J&K.
- NIM Team Summits Aconcagua: Team from Nehru Institute of Mountaineering (NIM), Uttarkashi + Jawahar Institute of Mountaineering and Winter Sports (JIM&WS) — 6-member team summited Mount Aconcagua (Argentina, 6,961m). JIM&WS is located in Pahalgam, J&K.
- Dal Lake Management: Continued challenges — Dal Lake master plan, encroachment removal, floating gardens (Rad), Demb (seasonal farmland), weed control, water quality. Article 13 of Insights Feb 13 notes mapping controversy involving Bangladesh potentially linked to navigation and water body management learnings.
- Iran Crisis Impact on J&K: Strait of Hormuz disruption → oil price spike → Centre's fiscal transfers to J&K affected. J&K diaspora in Gulf states (significant migrant worker population) faces evacuation/safety risk. Kerosene subsidy and fuel prices in J&K directly impacted by crude surge.
- J&K's Forest & Wildlife: India-Nepal MoU on transboundary biodiversity connects to J&K — Himalayan Brown Bear, Snow Leopard, Hangul (Kashmir Stag — State Animal, critically endangered), Common Leopard corridors extend into Nepal/Himachal.
J&K-specific questions in JKPSC typically combine central policy + J&K implementation. February 2026 gives ample material: PRAHAAR ↔ J&K security, Budget ↔ UT development financing, LCH ↔ high-altitude defence, NIM/JIMWS ↔ sports diplomacy & adventure tourism. Expect 2-3 questions connecting national events to J&K's UT status, Panchs/Sarpanchs governance (73rd Amendment application), and back channel diplomacy with Pakistan.
Consider the following about the Hangul (Kashmir Stag — Cervus hanglu hanglu):
1. It is the State Animal of J&K.
2. Its primary habitat is Dachigam National Park near Srinagar.
3. It is classified as 'Critically Endangered' on the IUCN Red List.
4. Project Hangul was launched in 1970 with WWF support.
(a) 1, 2 & 3 only (b) All four (c) 2, 3 & 4 only (d) 1 & 4 only
Jawahar Institute of Mountaineering and Winter Sports (JIM&WS), whose team summited Aconcagua in 2026, is located in:
(a) Gulmarg, J&K (b) Pahalgam, J&K (c) Leh, Ladakh (d) Kargil, Ladakh
Which constitutional article governs the administration of Union Territories with Legislatures (like J&K post-2019)?
(a) Article 239 (b) Article 239A (c) Article 240 (d) Article 370
PRAHAAR's whole-of-government approach against terrorism is most closely modelled on J&K's:
(a) Armed Forces Special Powers Act (AFSPA) framework
(b) Unified Command Structure (Army + CRPF + J&K Police + Intelligence Bureau)
(c) District Police Chief-led model under IPC
(d) Central Paramilitary Forces autonomous deployment model
Which of the following statements about Dal Lake, Srinagar, is/are correct?
1. Dal Lake is a Ramsar-designated wetland.
2. The floating gardens on Dal Lake are locally called 'Rad'.
3. Demb refers to seasonal farmland around the lake that gets submerged in winter.
4. Dal Lake falls entirely under the jurisdiction of Srinagar Municipal Corporation.
(a) 1, 2 & 3 only (b) 2 & 3 only (c) 1 & 4 only (d) All four
The J&K Reorganisation Act 2019 bifurcated the erstwhile state of J&K into:
(a) Two Union Territories — J&K (without legislature) and Ladakh (with legislature)
(b) Two Union Territories — J&K (with legislature) and Ladakh (without legislature)
(c) One state and one Union Territory — J&K (state) and Ladakh (UT)
(d) Three administrative divisions under central rule
PRAHAAR policy identifies cross-border terrorism as the primary threat in J&K. Critically examine the effectiveness of India's counter-insurgency framework in J&K since 2019 — institutional, social and developmental dimensions. JKPSC Mains
Link: SRO 202, AFSPA reduction, Sainik colonies, back-channel diplomacy, Pahalgam 2025 impactThe Hangul (Kashmir Stag) is J&K's State Animal and is critically endangered. What are the primary threats to its survival and what measures have been taken by the J&K Wildlife Protection Department? JKPSC Prelims/Mains
Link: Dachigam National Park, Wildlife Protection Act 1972, Project Hangul, human-wildlife conflict, Himalayan biodiversityImportant Days — February 2026
Static GK + current relevance. High Prelims hit rate — typically 1-2 direct questions per year.
| Date | Day / Observance | 2026 Theme / Key Note |
|---|---|---|
| Feb 1 | Indian Coast Guard Day | 50 years of ICG — founded 1977; 'Vayam Rakshamah' motto |
| Feb 2 | World Wetlands Day | Theme 2026: Wetlands and Human Wellbeing; Ramsar Convention (1971) |
| Feb 4 | World Cancer Day | Union for International Cancer Control (UICC); 'United by Unique' theme series |
| Feb 6 | International Day of Zero Tolerance for Female Genital Mutilation | UN designation; OHCHR oversight |
| Feb 10 | World Pulses Day | FAO; India — world's largest producer and consumer of pulses |
| Feb 11 | International Day of Women and Girls in Science | UN General Assembly 2015; promotes STEM equality |
| Feb 13 | World Radio Day | UNESCO; 2026 theme: Radio and Climate Change |
| Feb 20 | World Day of Social Justice | ILO; economic inclusivity and labour rights focus |
| Feb 21 | International Mother Language Day | UNESCO; commemorates 1952 Bengali language martyrs; Classical Language recognition |
| Feb 22 | World Thinking Day (Scouts/Guides) | World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts |
| Feb 27 | National Protein Day | 7th observance; 'Right to Protein' campaign (2020); USSEC |
| Feb 28 | National Science Day | Commemorates CV Raman's Raman Effect (1928); Nobel Prize for Physics 1930 |
National Science Day (Feb 28) commemorates the discovery of the Raman Effect in which year?
(a) 1921 (b) 1925 (c) 1928 (d) 1930
International Mother Language Day (February 21) was established by UNESCO to commemorate:
(a) Sanskrit's recognition as a classical language in 1965
(b) Students killed in Dhaka in 1952 while demanding Bengali as East Pakistan's state language
(c) Hindi's adoption as India's official language in 1950
(d) The 1965 Punjabi language agitation in pre-Partition Punjab
World Pulses Day (February 10) is designated by which organisation?
(a) WHO (b) WTO (c) FAO (d) IUCN
The Indian Coast Guard was established in which year, whose founding day is celebrated on February 1?
(a) 1971 (b) 1974 (c) 1977 (d) 1982
Awards, Appointments & Rankings
High Prelims hit rate — 1-2 questions on appointments/awards per exam.
Awards & Key Appointments — February 2026
February 2026- PM Modi — Knesset Medal: First foreign leader to receive the Speaker of the Israeli Knesset Medal; recognises India-Israel contributions in defence, agriculture, water technology.
- Børge Brende: President & CEO of World Economic Forum since 2017; former Norwegian Minister of Foreign Affairs (2013-17). WEF HQ: Geneva, Switzerland.
- WBL Report 2026: World Bank's Women, Business and the Law report — released annually; measures legal protection for women in 190 economies; 2026 highlights implementation gap.
- TERI Delhi Sustainable Development Summit 2026: 25th edition; organised by TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute, est. 1974, New Delhi); theme: climate-development nexus.
- Pakyong Airport Renamed: Sikkim CM Prem Singh Tamang announced renaming of Pakyong Airport after freedom fighter Trilochan Pokhrel — only airport in Himalayan state of Sikkim.
- Conrad K. Sangma (Meghalaya CM): Presented ₹32,023 crore budget for FY 2026-27 — his 9th consecutive budget as CM & Finance Minister of Meghalaya.